Since 1933, the international value of the Kremlin was quick to rise. Do not just have to hear from European journalists about such judgments: "The Kremlin holds in its hands the fate of Europe", "Stalin has become an international arbitrator, and so on. No matter how This estimate was exaggerated in those days, but it came out two undeniable factors: worsening global antagonisms and-increasing power of the Red Army. Relative the success of the first five years, the consequent optimistic estimate of the second Five-Year Plan, tactile for all successes of industrialization, created for the Army and the Navy industrial base, overcoming the progressive paralysis of the railway, the first favorable yields on the basis of collective farms, the growth of cattle, mitigating hunger and poverty - these were the internal prerequisites success of Soviet diplomacy. To this period belong the words of Stalin: "life has become easier life has become merrier. "toiling masses to live to truly become a little easier. Bureaucracies life has become much more fun. A large share of national income meanwhile, went on the defensive. Peacetime strength of 800,000 was reduced to a half million. Revived fleet. During the years of Soviet regime managed to emerge a new command structure, from lieutenants and to the marshals. To this we must add the political factor: the opposition, left as right, was defeated. Victory over the opposition as it found its objectively justified by the economic success. Stalin's power seemed unshakable. Taken together, transformed the Soviet government, if not in Europe, the arbitrator, then at least in a major international factor.
the past two years have left from this situation, a stone. Share of Soviet diplomacy is now lower than at the most critical months of the first five years. London not only turned to Rome and Berlin, but also requires Paris so that he turned his back to Moscow. Its policy of isolating the USSR, Hitler has, thus, the ability to carry current through the Chamberlain. If France does not renounce the treaty with the Soviet Union, she brought him to the role of secondary reserves. Having lost faith in Moscow's support, third republic relentlessly follows on the heels of England. Conservative French patriots, not without bitterness, complaining that France was "the last Dominion of Great Britain. Italy and Germany, with the consent of that Chamberlain going to firmly establish itself in Spain, where quite recently, Stalin seemed to be - and not just myself - Arbiter.
look for the cause of the catastrophic decline of the international role of boards in the past two years to reconcile or mitigate international conflicts could not necessary; whatever episodic and kon'yunkturnye fluctuations imperialist countries are fatal to a world war. The conclusion is clear: the bankruptcy of Stalin on the world scene is primarily the result of internal development of the USSR. What actually happened in the Soviet Union during the past two years, which made the power of powerlessness? Economy keeps growing like, the industry despite the so-called "sabotage", he continues to boast successes, the harvest increases, the military reserves are accumulated, Stalin successfully cope with internal enemies. What's the matter?
Not so long ago, the world judged the Soviet Union almost exclusively on the numbers of Soviet statistics. These figures, albeit with a tendentious exaggeration, nevertheless testified to the undoubted success. It was assumed that the paper curtain-increasing numbers hides the welfare of the people and government. It turned out all wrong. Processes of the economy, politics and culture are in the final analysis, the relationship between human beings, groups, classes. The Moscow trials of the tragedy found that the relationship of badly, or rather, are intolerable.
Army is the quintessence of the regime, not in the sense that it expresses only the "best" of its quality, and that the positive as well as negative trends in society, it gives the most concentrated expression. When the contradictions and antagonisms of the regime reaches a certain acuity, they begin to undermine the army from within. Opposite conclusion: if the army is the most disciplined body of the ruling class, begins to tear internal contradictions, it is an unmistakable sign of unbearable crisis in the society.
economic successes of the Soviet Union, strengthened the at a certain moment of his army and his diplomacy, the most raised and strengthened the ruling bureaucratic layer. No class and never in history did not concentrate in their hands in such a short period of such wealth and power, which focused bureaucracy for years, two five-year plans. But it was, she placed herself in-increasing conflict with people who passed through three revolutions and overthrew the tsarist monarchy, aristocracy and bourgeoisie. The Soviet bureaucracy focuses в себе ныне, в известном смысле, черты всех этих низвергнутых классов, не имея ни их социальных корней, ни их традиций. Она может отстаивать свои чудовищные privileges only to organized terror, how can it justify their terror only false accusations and fraud. Having grown out of our economic achievements, autocracy of the bureaucracy was the main obstacle to these successes in the future. Growth of the country is unthinkable without further overall growth of the culture, that is, without independence each and all, without free criticism and free inquiry. These basic conditions of progress required the Army to an even greater extent than the economy, because in the army or the fictional reality of statistical data is checked by blood. Meanwhile, the political regime of a socialist country finally approached to the regime of a penal battalion. All advanced and creative elements that are truly committed to the interests of economy, public education or folk Defense has always come into conflict with the ruling oligarchy. So it was at one time under the tsars, is happening, but much more rapidly now under the regime of Stalin. Economy, culture, and the army needed proponents, builders, creators. Kremlin needs loyal performers, reliable and ruthless agents. These human types - the agent and the creator - are implacably hostile to each other.
During the past 12 months, the Red Army lost almost all his command staff, who were recruited initially during the Civil War (1918-20), then trained, skilled, replenished over the next 15 years. Radically updated and continually updated the officer corps, the bureaucracy has put under strict supervision by the new commissioners. Tukhachevsky with him color commanders were killed in the struggle against dictatorship over the police officers of the Red Army. For their social as military bureaucracy, Of course, no better than civil. But the conflict and do not pass completely on this watershed. Bureaucracy, taken as a whole, concentrating in its hands two functions: power and administration. These two functions, and now came into sharp conflict. To ensure good administration, must be eliminated totalitarian power. To save power, you need to smash the self-reliant and capable administrators.
Institute commissioners introduced for the first time in During construction of the Red Army out of nothing, means, necessary, double-mode command. Inconvenience and danger of such an order had been completely obvious and then, but they were seen as less and moreover the temporary evil. Most need dvoenachaliya in the Army grew from the collapse of the tsarist army and the conditions of civil war. What does the new dvoenachalie: the first stage of the collapse of the Red Army and the beginning of a new civil war in the country?
Commissioners first call means control of the working class over the alien and hostile to the experts. Commissioners of the new formation meant control of the Bonapartist Clicks on the military and the civilian administration, and through it over the people. Commissioners of the first period were recruited from the serious and honest revolutionaries, indeed devoted to the cause of socialism. Commanders that went largely from the ranks of the old officers or noncommissioned officers, as poorly versed in the new environment and, in the person of its best representatives, to search for advice and support to commissioners. Not without tensions and conflicts, dvoenachalie resulted in a time of friendly cooperation.
situation is quite different now. Today's commanders have grown out of the Red Army, is inextricably linked with it, and have won credibility for years. On the contrary, Commissioners are recruited from the bureaucratic sons, who have no revolutionary experience, no military knowledge or moral capital. This is a pure type of careerists the new school. They are intended to command only because they embody the "vigilance", ie, police supervision over the army. Commanders treat them with a well-deserved hatred. Dvoenachaliya mode turns into a struggle of the political police with the army, and on the side of the police is the central authority.
History the film unfolds in reverse order, and that was a measure of progressive revolution reborn as a hideous and Thermidorean cartoons. New dvoenachalie passes through the state apparatus from top to bottom. At the head of the army is nominally Voroshilov, People's Commissar Marshal, Knight Orders and so on and so forth. But the actual power is concentrated in the hands of the Mehlis, who, on direct instructions of Stalin's army turns upside down. The same thing happens in every military district, in every division in every regiment. Everywhere sits his Mehlis, the agent of Stalin and Ezhov, and implanting "vigilance", rather than knowledge order and discipline. All relations in the Army were shaky, wobbly, floating in nature. Nobody knows where it ends patriotism, which starts cheating. No not sure if that is possible, what is not. In case of conflict in orders commander and commissar, each is forced to guess which of two paths leading to the award, What - to prison. All the waiting and anxious look around the sides. Do honest workers give up. Rogues, thieves and careerists arrange their affairs under the guise of patriotic denunciations. Shaken the foundations of the army. In large and small is becoming a derelict. Weapons are not cleaned and checked. Barracks, take dirty and non-residential appearance. Leaking roofs, missing baths, laundry in the Red Army. Food is getting worse in quality and not served in the put hours. In response complaints commander refers to the commissioner, the commissioner accuses the commander. Real culprits hide behind the denunciations by pests. Among the commanders increased drunkenness; commissioners compete with them and in this regard. Covered police despotism of the regime of anarchy undermines all now part of the Soviet life, but especially death he in the army, which can live only with proper treatment and full transparency of all relationships.
diagnosis is clear. Growth of the country and especially the growth of its new needs is incompatible with a totalitarian abomination and therefore tends to displace, extrude, bulge bureaucracy from all areas. This process has not yet found an open political expression, but the more he is deep and inevitable. In the field of technology, economy, science, culture, Defence people experience, knowledge, authority, automatically displace ago agents of Stalin's dictatorship, most of them ignorant and cynical scoundrels, type of Mehlis and Yezhov. When Stalin accused one or another part of the apparatus in the loss of "vigilance", he says this: you take care of the interests of economy, science or army, but you do not care about my interests! In this same position each of Stalin's agents in all areas of the country and at all tiers of bureaucratic tower. Bureaucracy can keep on their power not only as undermining the basis of all economic and cultural progress. So, on a new historical based unexpectedly revived the age-old antagonism between the Russian and oprichinoy Zemshchina. The struggle between them became the extermination of the best people in the country its most depraved garbage.
Defeatism, sabotage and treason in the nesting oprichine Stalin. Ober-defeatist is the "father of nations," it is their executioner. Ensure that national defense can not be otherwise than defeating the autocratic clique saboteurs and defeatists. The slogan of Soviet patriotism is: Down with the totalitarian the defeatists! out of Stalin and his oprichinu!
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