since the Civil War, the Bolsheviks created the institution of secret collaborators (informer). Were those among military experts. Typically, recruitment occurred during the arrest, when hunted, and was preparing to be shot or general officer suddenly got the offer to watch their comrades, and regularly communicate about them to be. Of course, when it came to saving lives, many detainees agreed to work on the security agencies. So among which at first glance, the closed caste of military experts came to informers.
One such famous secret among employees of the old generals was, according to the authors Help , in the 60 years engaged in rehabilitation Tukhachevsky and its surroundings, outstanding military scientist Andrew Medardovich Zajaczkowski.
According to them, Zajaczkowski was a secret agent of the Cheka-OGPU in 1921, and his daughter from 1922 to 1937 (Military Archives of Russia. - M., 1993. - Issue 1. - S. 101). In addition, in this paper figure names OGPU agents of the former Lieutenant-General Dyakonov, Serebrennikov (probably - Ivan Konstantinovich, Major-General), De Robertis (probably - Nikolai Alexandrovich, a former lieutenant colonel), Zuev (maybe we are talking about Shostakovich, former colonel), Ovsyannikov (?).
Help Tukhachevsky with a detailed story of secret collaborators and informants Cheka-OGPU among military experts, prepared in 1964, raises so many questions. The fact that in the 60 years of the Rehabilitation of Repressed involved in an emergency mode, without much deeper into the issues. Such inquiries were preparing for a quick hand, and upon closer inspection, contain inaccuracies and contradictions of the sea. Of course, it is possible that Zajaczkowski, as a Pole, during the massacres of Poles - the generals and officers - in 1920, was forced to serve a taboo in the Cheka. Judging throughout, he continued to engage in "Polish Line", under the control of the Cheka and OGPU maintained ties with ekzekutivoy - intelligence Pilsudski. "Knock" if Andrew Medardovich on their colleagues - this is a very big question.
But as a secret agent among the former generals was his daughter, Olga Andreyevna Zayonchkovskaya (According to her husband - Popova). She maintained close friendships with his cousin, a former colonel and prominent military commander, NE Kakurina, General Staff brothers Gatovskimi, De Lazaro, Sologub and others. From 1922 to 1937 Zayonchkovskaya using loud the name of his father, worked into the credibility of a major Soviet military, collecting all the gossip and then transfer it all to the OGPU.
Apparently, in the history of repressive military experts in the late 20's - early 30-ies of OA Zayonchkovskaya played a major role. Apparently, the eminent former generals and officers she was "herding" from the date of his recruitment. The above-mentioned journal Military Archives of Russia " provides undercover message from 21.02.1927, on alleged "copying" memories AA Brusilov after his death, former generals, AE Snesarev, VN Gatovskim, Admiral Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. (Military Archives of Russia. - M., 1993. - Issue 1. - S. 394.) Informant, not named in the material, the story ssylaets VN Gatovskogo, which Zayonchkovskaya exactly was in close friendships. Rather, it is the same informant, knocked on the future of the main characters of "Spring" in 1927.
However, by my count, at least another four prominent military experts were secret members of the Cheka-OGPU. Most likely, they also have made hand to the mass arrests 1930-1931 period.
After 1920 eldest of remaining in the Soviet Russian officers Finland Regiment was Colonel VV de Gervais , who decided at any cost to preserve the bonds of friendship with their brother-soldiers. Some Finns have lived in Leningrad, the other mainly from serving in the Red Army were scattered throughout the country. Gervais went on a visit to his companions, had corresponded with them. For example, in 1924, he visit schools to improve teacher commanders "shot", Colonel General Staff, VK Golovkin (GASBU, OP, d. 67093, v. 37 (3149), it Olderogge VA, Golovkin VK testimony, pp. 25). In 1930, Gervais was a guest and the other his brother-soldier - a former captain of the General Staff VV Sergeyev - one of the main accused in the case of "Spring". Younger brother Sergeyev also Finn, with the remnants of Regiment and the regimental banner of the fight with the Reds in the Civil War and then emigrated to France.
also visited by de Gervais and returned from exile famous white Gen. Yakov Aleksandrovich Slaschova-Crimean - up to 1917 also served in the Life Guards regiment of Finland. Naturally, the flurry of activity Colonel de Gervais irritates the OGPU and its provedyvanie Slaschova decided the fate of many of the remaining Finns in the Soviet Union. In early 1927, in Leningrad a group of former officers of the Life Guard Finland Regiment led by Colonel de Gervais was arrested. (GASBU, OP, d. 67093, ie 88 (67), it Besyadovskogo KI, pp. 67.) Slaschova, Golovkin and Sergeeva, OGPU has not yet been touched, but increased them for observation.
Along with the arrest of former Finns in Leningrad, were arrested and other officers associated with them. In particular, the summer of 1927 the OGPU hit teachers Military-Political Academy : former colonel Valentin Pavlovich Diaghilev and the captain Eugene P. Ilyin, and their wives. March 24, 1928 Diaghilev was sentenced to death with the replacement of ten years imprisonment, others - three years in exile. (GASBU, OP, d. 67093, ie 240 (3159), it counter-revolutionary groups in the Military-Political Academy, pp. 200-204.)
*******************One of the first March 26, 1929, was arrested a member of the Board weapons-arsenal of trust, a former Major-General NG Vysochansky, then, during April - May caught the other managers and staff management. Unfortunately, it is unknown how many of those were convicted of conspiracy in the case of the Main Department of Military Industry. But, at least five of his "leaders" were shot on Oct. 21, 1929: Former major-general NG Vysochansky, Assistant Chief of the military administration, former Major General, S. Mikhailov, Board member Vohimtresta former Maj. Gen. VN Dehaene, a board member Chuck-pipe trust a former major general VL Dymman, head of science and technology Bureau of arms and machine-gun trust a former Lieutenant-General N. Shulga. (Death list. - M., 1995. - Vol. 2. - Vagankovskoye cemetery. Pp. 37-38.)
some time later, namely, in January 1930, was arrested on a number of staff the Chief of Military Industry. Two of them, deputy chairman of the scientific and technical Board Vohimtresta former Maj. Gen. BK Kornilovich and assistant director of the plant Vohimtresta NM Shafrov, 23 September 1930 and were shot on charges wrecking and all of the same counter. (Death list. - M., 1995. - Vol. 2. - Vagankovskoye cemetery. - P. 82.)
**** It was in this period, negotiations with Germany USSR stated the failure of many collaborative programs. Especially - the creation of machine-gun and production CWA .***
first arrests the Artillery officers management began in the summer of 1929, one of the first assistant was arrested a member of the Artillery Committee, a former lieutenant colonel, AS Barablin, which supported business contacts with the Central Artillery workshops. With him, as well as other previously arrested gunners nachals unwind a ball of "wrecking counter-revolutionary activities "in the Ordnance Department.
leaders of the conspiracy under the version of the OGPU were considered as the Red Army artillery officer, former colonel VD Grendal, Chief Artillery Directorate of the last general YM Scheidemann and his aides - Colonel A. Dzerzhkovich and Dmitriev. (GASBU, OP, d. 67093, ie 267, it counter-revolutionary group of engineering management WPRA, the letter S. Gnedich, pp. 124; GASBU, OP, d. 67093, v. 14, Leningrad Affair, pp. 76.)
During November 1929 - February In 1930 were arrested almost all the staff of artillery inspection, management and scientific committee. Ten of them headed by the assistant to the chairman Artillery Committee, a former colonel in VR Ruppeneytom October 20, 1930 were executed. (Death list. - M., 1995. - Vol. 2. - Vagankovskoye cemetery. - S. 99-101.) Dzerzhkovich and Dmitriev received various prison terms, while the fate of a prominent Russian artillery YM Scheidemann, unfortunately, is unknown.
interesting noted that, despite this enormous at the time the shooting, several employees of Ordnance Department were even released. Was released and one of those on a scenario drawn up by investigators, was one of the main conspirators - VD Grendal, then participated in the Second World War and died in Moscow in 1940 with the rank of colonel-general of artillery. Why are they so lucky? As is evident from the letter of the employee of Engineering Management SV Gnedich, arrested in the case of "Spring", during interrogations in order to break him, investigators have shown the case "repentant" and released, and is not repentant, "and shot gunners. That, they say, look - they were honest in the service of Soviet power. However, to this letter, we shall return. But the letter Gnedich eloquent, Some military experts of the Ordnance Department have been recruited and then "knocking" on their own is not collared companions.
Another thread of "counter-revolutionary Activity in the medium artillery reached at the Military Academy of Red Army. Here on Dec. 23, 1929 was arrested, and August 17, 1930 shot lecturer artillery, a former colonel, MG Popov.
So at the beginning of 1921 the Red Army only served 14,390 generals and officers of the various White armies . The vast majority of these were the commanding cadres surrendered in 1920 in Siberia Kolchak troops in the North Caucasus - Kuban Army and some parts of the Don, near Odessa and Novorossiysk - Denikin compounds.
According to our calculations, based on reports from various emigre publications in the 20's have returned home 20 white generals: NS Anisimov (in 1924 from Harbin), YF Voloshinov, GK Gravitsky, SK Dobrorolsky, EI DOSTOVALOV IE Zelenin, P. Ivanov, Rhinow, I. Klochkov (Donets), A. Milkovsky, EA Mironov, Ants, raids, and AA Noskov, V. Ostrogradsky, Rudakov (orenburzhets) Savvateev (Donets) A. secrets (Donets), YA sweeter NT bitch, Tundutov.
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In 1923, the percentage of Whites in the ranks of former Red Army was very high. In particular, it is clearly seen on the "List of persons with higher military education ... in the Red Army" in 1923. Total list is 454 General Staff, including graduates at the time academy for 2 category. 93 people or more than 20 percent, were military, the Red Army from the whites and the national armies in 1920-1922. Of these, various white formations of Siberia previously served as General Staff in 1923 (including 10 generals), in the Volunteer and Cossack armies - 35 (including 12 generals), national Armies of the Caucasus and other - 35 (including 11 generals ). (List of persons with higher military education ... in the Red Army ".- M., 1923.)
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completely different contingent re-emigrants were former ranks of so-called non-ferrous parts of the Volunteer Army - alekseevtsy and Markov. Denikin, Wrangel and then the Markov Division and Alekseevskii regiment along with Kornilovites and drozdovtsami considered the most selective White Guard forces. Therefore, to return home Representatives of these groups looked more than suspicious. Moreover, returning something is not fine grades: two generals, one colonel, at least a dozen two officers.
best known in this category has been re-emigrants, Major-General Yuri Konstantinovich Gravitsky, Party Ice campaign, in 1919-1920 commanded Consolidated-Rifle Regiment in Gallipoli Alekseevskii led the regiment. He pervopohodnik, one of the first white volunteers, due to their previous activities could not this way from the bay, suddenly struggling sincerely love the Soviet regime. Moreover, even in the summer of 1921, when Gravitsky was abroad, the red exploration referred to him as a member of the restorative team, headed by Commander Gen. Kutepov volunteer units, which included the commanders of all color parts (Russian military emigration 20-x - 40-ies, Sat dock. - M., 1998. - T. 2. - p. 57.)
And how Gravitsky has come to return home? It may well be that Yuri Konstantinovich был направлен белогвардейским командованием в Советскую Россию для налаживани подпольной работы. Известно, что инициатором такой деятельности был генерал Kutepov and Gravitsky was not only his subordinates but also close comrades.
to repentance Yuri Konstantinovich was like the truth, in Gallipoli it "stained" reputation, made an investigation of one, in general, there is little standing operation spring of 1920, which resulted in Gravitskogo found guilty some omissions. Because of this, is June 5, 1921 YK Gravitsky was relieved of his command Alekseevskii regiment. (Partisan General Alexeyev Regiment / Pervopohodnik. - 1974. - № 21 .- C.46.)
Now Yuri Konstantinovich "with a clear conscience," went to the Soviet Repatriation Commission. Certainly deserved such a drastic repainting White General aroused some suspicion among the Bolsheviks, but despite this, Gravitsky still went home. Together with Yuri Konstantinovich rows of white the army had left and his co-workers: Maj. Gen. E. Zelenin and Colonel D. Zhitkevich.
Generals Gravitsky Zelenin and settled in Moscow, Zhitkevich went home on Chernihiv region. Yuri Konstantinovich well settled - was a fireman of the USSR Supreme Economic Council. By this time in Moscow were a lot of former white, including the ranks of non-ferrous parts. All, naturally, they talked between themselves, and ... maintained relations with the "leadership" - veterans of Ice campaign, the eldest of whom is just a Gravitsky. About this gave interesting testimony of former cadet 2 of Moscow Cadet Corps volunteer and the Life-Guards Cossack regiment of white VS Lebedev, arrested in the case of "Spring": "fragmentary conversations with the listed members of the organization (ex-Cadets - Prim. J. T .) led me to believe that in the case Open performance management members of the organization is mainly calculated on the former white officers, especially the participants of the first hikes (Ice, Steppenwolf, etc.). Also pointed to the former white Cossack officers ". (GASBU, OP, d. 67093, ie 3708, a collection of testimonies of members of the Moscow counter-revolutionary organizations, testimony Lebedev VS, pp. 81.)
course, for Yuri Konstantinovich and other former white closely monitored bodies OGPU. But what exactly was the last straw for the start of yesterday's mayhem Whites, I can not say.
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