Mount And Blade Whats The Best Unit

Riga - Rugia?

But there is one interesting interpretation that for some reason, virtually unknown in a wide circle of the reading public, although suggested it was still in XVI century a highly respected man. Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560) seriously believe that the name of Riga could happen from the ancient Slavic population of the island Reagen (Ruegen, Rujan), which is located at the German Baltic Sea coast [Fischer, 152] . Come out, the Baltic Slavs - Wendy, first settled in the ancient hill fort called the name of their historic homeland. Reagen mountain, river, Riga, Riga, so here is the quite logical chain. But most interesting is that this version has quite a scandalous material confirmation!

As we know, the island of Ruegen was the main shrine Baltic Slavs. There, in city Arcona, was sanctuary god Svyatovita. Stood Idol with four bearded heads, facing in different side. And held He in one hand sword, and in other horn of plenty. Huge eagle lived at temple and was considered dedicated Svyatovitu. Images chetyrehlikogo idol is a striking feature of the cult of the Slavic deities. So, it is these figures with four persons were found in Riga during archaeological excavations! This can easily make any visitor to the Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation, where the stands on the early history of the town, peacefully resting unique testimonials of the Baltic Slavs in Riga earth. All interested refer to primary source : JBFischer. Hinter-Bergen allgemeine und eigene Winter und Sommerlust, mit untermischten physikalischen un moralischen Betrachtungen, in Versen beschrieben von daselbt. Riga, 1745.

Ancient Rugiya , under which, obviously, some Russian chroniclers meant the Baltic, "Varangian" Rus "is designated in the sources are different: Rugiya, ruthenium (Rusin), Royal, Ruyana, Reun, etc. ( Rugia , Ruthenia, Russia, Rojana, Rujana, Reune).

also known starokeltskie name of the island Rugniatis, Run, Rhun, Rugnos, Ruan. ^[65] Accordingly, the inhabitants Islands are named: Rugi, Ruteny (Rusyns), Rustsi, Royal, Ruyyany, Wounds (Rugi, Rutheni, Ruteni, Rusci, Russici, Rojani, Rujani, Rani). T. Milevsky, apparently, tend to produce ethnonym "wounds" from "Royal". ^[66] But in its original Slavic meaning, as well as in the German origin of the name "rugi, can be questioned. On Ruegen in the second half of I millennium certainly a change of language, but there is no reason to think that this was achieved by changing the population. Specifying G. Mercator on bilingualism Riigen "Ruthenium" shows the process of natural assimilation of indigenous Slavs. "Vindalsky" language in the title of which (as in ethnonym "Wends") is also clearly emerges Celtic origin, and was in all likelihood, the original language of the population Rugii, but different names for the island can denote the same population, or even pass the same quality of the underlying name.
name "Ruteny" bore, as is known, one Celtic tribes settled long before Mr.. er. (And came from somewhere in north or central Europe) in southern France. French explorer of the tribe "Ruthenium from Ruerga» (Rouergue - name of the province since Roman times), no doubt about the importance of ethno name: the Celtic language it means "red", "red". "Red ruthenium »(flavi rutheni) calls them, by the way, and I in the Roman author. Lucan. ^[67] main town called Ruthenia Rodes or Rutena. Name it is in connection with the river Rodanos (current Rhone). On the other hand, the Gallic roudos - «red - handed down in various Celtic languages and dialects as ruad, rudd, ruth, ruz, rubes. ^[68] Modern French roux, rousse - «red, Redhead and rouge - «red" have done a certain evolution of roge, ruge same rubes. ^[69] Another AS Famintsin pointed out that in the Serbian language, the word "ruyan" means "dark red, yellow-red ". ^[70] similar values is a word preserved in other Slavic languages, but it gradually supplanted by other synonyms. Medieval Greek Chronography was known view that the word 'Russian' means "red." ^[71] Liudprand plainly says that "a northern people, which the Greeks on the outside quality (and qualitate corporis) called Russa (rusios), and we are at their location Nordmann. ^[72]
Thus, the diversity of titles Rugii and its inhabitants is only playing in different languages and dialects, especially in the Celtic languages, the same original quality. It is noteworthy that the authors XII century. Gerbord and Ebony is placed on the northern borders of Poland, "Ru" and next to them some "Flavio." ^[73] Here, perhaps, it is a kindred tribes or even of the same tribe: "Ru" - a "red" from Celtic, and "Flavy" - the same thing from the Latin.
Southerners, of course, have been hit light "Veneto" (Wends), and "ruteny (Russes) in such a case could be one of the noticeable their branches. But the "external quality", which is distinguished by ruthenium, not necessarily corresponds to their natural form. The fact that the Celts artificially changed the hair color and even painted. ^[74] Romans landed in Britain discovered that the islanders' painted Wajda, who gives their body the color blue, and from this they battle terrifying others to view. ^[75] Legendary hero of the Irish sagas Goydel Glas (Goydel Green) was nicknamed by the color of his weapons and clothing. ^[76] Colors of many ancient peoples (among European primarily from the Celts) and had a religious symbolism. Purple, red color symbolizes power, power. Adam of Bremen and Gelmold note that among the Baltic Slavs only wound-rugi have a king. ^[77] But Rügen secular power was generally less noticeable than the priesthood. Obviously, "Royal" was a whole tribe. This, perhaps, explains the ritual painting. As reported by Saxo Grammaticus, in the capture of Arkona in 1918 in the trunks under lock and key has been found many purple clothes, from the dilapidation is rotten and thin. ^[78] not be ruled out that apparel Russes and the corresponding coloring encouraged the Greeks say that they "their views show the bloodshed." ^[79] But in the XII century. "Locked up" were not only shabby clothes, but also the tradition.

American Silver Coins What Year Did Stop Making

FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS

At a meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences discussed the complex from a technical point of view and important from the standpoint of achieving military advantage in the air to reduce the problem of radar visibility of aircraft - a powerful striking force of modern armies. The search for the solution together are representatives of basic and applied science. Their work was a radical reduction of radar visibility serial fourth-generation aircraft such as Su-27. How this was achieved, explains below, published an article based on any scientific report on RAS Presidium.

FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS
stealth technologies

AN Lagar'kov, MA Pogosyan
Lagar'kov Andrei - corr. RAS, Director of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics, Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAN.
Mikhail Pogosyan Aslanovich - corr. RAS, director of PMT Air Industrial Complex Sukhoi.

Contrary to recent trends in Russian language, we still decided to use the English term "stele" - "secretive", "secret" in the title of our report, primarily because he had already taken root in national literature and is widely used in our press, and in the foreign, including in non-English speaking countries. Under the stealth technology is now involve complex technical solutions, which resulted in reduced levels of the signals coming from the military facility to the receiving system, trying to object to detect and destroy. These signals are transferred by acoustic and electromagnetic waves in a wide range of frequencies. We shall deal here only one problem, namely: reducing the signal level resulting from the reflection object of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the radar. Radar station - the most "distant" means detection and guidance, and the first boom in the press about the stealth technology was associated with the emergence of the American the F-117, was created primarily to successful overcoming air defense system of the Soviet Union, equipped with powerful radars.

Ben Rich, former head of the plant firm Lockheed, in his memoirs about creating the F-117 maintains a history of stealth technology since 1975, linking it to begin with this aircraft. In fact, first steps were made in Germany at the end of World War II. As a result, the British night attack aircraft equipped with radar, have risen sharply loss of German submarines. It was then that their cabin began to apply radio-absorbing coating and was developed by serial production technology fine ferromagnetic fillers used in coatings. Since then, the problem of reducing the radar visibility of various objects weapons and military equipment attracts serious attention in industrialized countries.

main characteristic determining the properties of plane as reflecting electromagnetic radiation of the object is the effective scattering surface. It characterizes the ability to convert incident electromagnetic wave to the scattered wave propagating in the direction of the receiver. In the future we will consider monostatic location, when the transmitter and receiver are located in one place. Effective scattering surface (ESR) is defined as:

s = 4 p R ₀ ² S _s / S _i ,

where R ₀ - the distance between the transmitter and the object; S _s - the energy flux density of the scattered wave near the receiver; S _i - density energy flux of the incident wave near the body.

value of the ESR depends on the orientation of the object relative to the radar beam and the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. For physicists, the best analogy of the EPR - is the differential scattering cross back. If we consider the frequency dependence of ESR metal ball (Fig. 1) a range of short wavelengths EPR coincides with an area of its cross section. For wavelengths comparable with the dimensions of the ball, there are diffraction minima and maximums.

Fig. 1. Frequency dependence of the effective scattering surface of a metallic sphere a - radius sphere, l - wavelength

Figure 2 shows the ESR of the cylinder depending on the angle of incidence of electromagnetic waves for the wave vector, lying in a plane that passes through the axis of the cylinder in Figure 3 - EPR modern aircraft for different directions of incidence of electromagnetic wave in the horizontal plane passing through the axis of the aircraft. Due to the complex shape of the object to its ESR showed significant fluctuations in the values very small change in the angles of the electromagnetic wave. Such a pattern is due to diffraction phenomena and the subsequent interference of electromagnetic waves reflected from different parts of the aircraft with the appropriate phase delay of each reflecting element.

	Fig. 2 . The angular dependence of the effective scattering surface of the cylinder D and L - the diameter and length of the cylinder, q - the angle of incidence of electromagnetic waves; arrow indicates the direction of its fall
Fig. 3. "facet" model of the Su-27 (top) and diagram of the effective surface scattering plane depending on the angle in the horizontal plane (bottom) solid line corresponds to the scatterplot of real plane, dashed - aircraft with reduced radar visibility, 1 and 2 - averaged over a range of angles ± 30 ° the values of the EPR

Naturally, in practice, are interested in the values of ESR, averaged over a relatively small range of angles because of the inevitable oscillation trajectory precisely determine the average level of the signal being processed in the receiver. The task of the stele, the technology is possible a possible decrease in the EPR aircraft. For example, a qualitative leap in military capabilities into the aircraft, there would be the case if, instead of ESR, shown in Figure 3, solid line, we could obtain the EPR, as shown in the same figure the dotted line.

Stealth technology includes the following main areas: theory of diffraction by complex bodies, development and study of radar absorbing materials, coating technology, and finally, Radiophysics experiment used to control each of these areas.

currently stealth technology starts with the mathematical modeling of scattering electromagnetic wave on an object, the radar visibility of which must be reduced. This step is crucial for a preliminary assessment of the achievable results and to optimize the shape and electrical characteristics of the object. Mathematical and computational models based on solving the boundary diffraction problems of electromagnetic waves on bodies of complex shape, having in its composition, special materials and coatings. Capabilities of modern computing techniques allow the creation of software for modeling the scattering of electromagnetic waves, even in such complex objects such as airplanes and ships, given the variety of suspended equipment, crevices, covers and many other seemingly minor details of the construction.

on the world market offers several software packages that are suitable for such modeling. All of them are under development using the "facet" model of the object it which will be lower, and the method of the physical theory of diffraction. In the well-known reasons, due to closeness of such works, until recently, domestic print (as opposed to the foreign press) are not published information about a specific application of mathematical modeling of scattering by objects of weaponry and military equipment. However, the analysis of scientific literature on the theory of diffraction of specialists in the field of electrodynamics, it was easy to assess the level of development of the industry.

Contribution of Russian scientists in the theory of diffraction is not only significant, but in many important ways the fundamental. Suffice it to mention the names of academician VA Fock, Professor E. N. Vasilyev and P. J. Ufimtseva. VA Fock, not just the first to formulate the integral equations relative to the current on the surface of the irradiated metal body, but also suggested that an approximate solution for bodies with a large radius of curvature. Pioneer were the work of E. Vasilieva on numerical solution of integral equations in the problem of electromagnetic excitation of metallic bodies. PY Ufimtsev - Founder method of edge waves in physical theory of diffraction, which is of exceptional importance in the development of stealth action recognized by the international scientific community. That numerical methods for solving scattering problems using integral equations, estimation of scattering properties of the method of edge waves, and the combination of these methods have been used by us in many models of electrodynamic objects with low radar visibility.

Institute's staff Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics RAS for many years, developing numerical methods, relying on the achievements of both Russian and foreign Schools diffraction theory. The application of asymptotic and hybrid algorithms requires a clear understanding of the physical phenomena that lead to the formation of the scattered field in each case: specular reflection, diffraction at the edges, running waves, multiple reflections inside cavities, etc. Accounting mirror reflections of real objects is realized through the development of "facet" model, where the surface of the object is in the form of a large number of separate flat areas of simple shape (see Fig. 3).

When calculating the EPR large (in wavelengths) complex bodies is essential that the relatively high frequencies can distinguish the individual fragments of the structure of objects, which in this perspective, the main contributors to the formation of scattered field. This makes it possible to perform calculations for these scattering centers independently, if necessary, taking into account their mutual influence on subsequent stages. The accuracy of calculating the characteristics of the scattering centers is of particular importance in the analysis of subtle details, so great attention has been given to the development and improvement of relevant electrodynamic models. Classical model of this kind is considered a wedge (edge). In this model, infinite boundaries are accounted for using the results of a physical theory of diffraction, and the fields and currents in a finite region of space near the edge are defined by solving the equations of the electromagnetic field. Select individual scattering centers can also analyze specific diffraction phenomenon peculiar to this structure, and identify their dependence on a small number of local parameters.

role of numerical methods exclusively large when the characteristic size of the fragments of the object is much larger than the wavelength, but because of the complexity of the diffraction process high-frequency approximation do not provide the desired accuracy. Such a fragment, creating the main contribution to the scattered field in the forward hemisphere plane intake is the power install the system blade inlet of the engine. Using the hybrid approach allows to consider whether the passage of electromagnetic waves via the air intake and diffraction on a system of blades. However, the calculation of the scattering wave at the inlet of the engine having a transverse dimension of tens of wavelength and consisting of many elements of complex shapes - the independent task that requires the use of rigorous methods and their effective numerical implementation. The developed software allows you to perform the appropriate calculations with sufficient accuracy (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Model inlet plane (a) and diagram of the effective surface scattering intake (b) Comparison calculated and experimental data shows good accuracy of the software

creating an adequate electrodynamic model such a complex object like an airplane, requires a combination of methods of Radiophysics, electrodynamics, computational mathematics, signal processing. In result of extensive experience in programming and computational tasks of the technology effective use of modern computing technology. In particular, the importance of the integration of specialized software products: the computational core, designed to determine scattering properties, and engineering systems design, through which the transfer of design documentation (electronically) Preparation and modification of data on the form, structure, facility, the analysis output. Widespread system of AutoCAD, from which the data are transferred in electromagnetic simulation models through a special interface.

In the short term progress in the development of methods for calculating the scattering properties of complex systems is largely due to good organization works to raise the necessary specialists, good information and technical support, since it seems to us, many fundamental issues that existed previously in this area have been resolved.

inflicted on the various elements aircraft radio-absorbing coating differ from those used 10-15 years ago. Modern coatings have variable thickness along the profile, complex structure with varying values of permittivity and permeability both in thickness (normal to the surface) and along the surface sheathing. Solving the fundamental problems associated with the passage of an electromagnetic wave through a heterogeneous environment, studying the behavior of heterogeneous mixtures near the percolation threshold, the researchers learned how to create a substance with any frequency behavior of the real and imaginary parts of permittivity, Naturally, under the principle of the Kramers-Kronig relations. Creating materials with an arbitrary behavior of the magnetic permeability is associated with some additional constraints. Modern Designer, optimizing the EPR of a fragment of the plane and choosing for this purpose, the dielectric and magnetic permeability substance, the distribution of its thickness over the surface of the fragment can be sure that the technology in the future will reproduce the desired settings. Note also that an appropriate optimization requires significant prior experience, because of the need continuously to find a compromise between the desire to obtain the minimum reflection, the thickness of the material, its strength and, finally, the aerodynamic properties of the fragment.

For application coatings are used completely different technology. Most of the surface plane is covered by paint technology. Despite the apparent simplicity, this technique is most responsible, because of its quality depends on the contribution to the ESR of one of the key elements of the scattering plane - its air intake, In addition, the violation of coating adhesion in the air intake can lead to a plane crash. Multilayer coating radioabsorbing sprayed with as robotic systems for serial production of aircraft, or manually when you create experimental models of equipment.

daunting goal is the production of fine ferromagnetic fillers with the given values of magnetic permeability. Currently, applying specific technology, we can fairly wide range, changing the spectra of ferromagnetic fillers in the microwave region. Combining the ferromagnetic inclusions with inclusions of other types, create the desired set of broadband radar absorbing coatings. Their further development is impossible without solving many fundamental issues.

The first step is to study in detail the factors that determine the value of the permeability of fine particles and thin magnetic films, which constitute the basis for a radar absorbing coatings. These factors include: the effect of mechanical stresses that form the magnetostriction of the samples; effect of small amounts of ferromagnetic materials, resulting in a change in its magnetic anisotropy; flow at high frequencies, the relaxation processes in the created structures, characterized by the damping parameter in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert. In some cases, improve the radio-absorbing coating may be using ferromagnetic conductive particles of very small size. However, in this way appear two principal obstacles: first, these particles become piroformnymi (probably - pyrophoric - VV ), and secondly, they could not enter with a sufficiently high density of the liquid polymer matrix due to increased adsorption capacity with decreasing particle size. This well-known chemical problem to still not resolved.

---

---

Compact Under Sink Dishwasher

FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS

To provide a low radar visibility of the aircraft, widely used plasma technologies, especially plasma-vacuum, with which to create the scattering coating on the lamp cockpit. Normal windows folding lamp is transparent to electromagnetic waves, so if the electromagnetic wave is incident on a plane from the upper hemisphere, hollow cabin makes significant contribution to the ESR of the observation angles. One solution to the problem of low radar visibility plane is fairly obvious: Metallizing glazed cabin. Reflected from the metallized lamp electromagnetic wave will not be returned to the radar receiver, to be rather, the value of the ESR cab, averaged over some small sector of angles of observation, significantly reduced. However, the metallization should not worsen optical properties of glass cockpit, which imposed extremely stringent requirements. Thus, the reflection coefficient of glass lantern Cabin in the microwave should be close to unity, and in the optical - to zero. But in this case the requirements for coverage, not exhausted. There is a problem overheating pilot in the cockpit, used in tropical countries. Power conditioning in the cabins of many foreign aircraft, however, as and a number of our people, not enough for a comfortable state of the pilot, therefore, requires certain steps for the selection of the infrared spectrum.

Generally speaking, This problem arises in the creation of selective energy-saving glass in the construction industry. At the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics RAS proposed and patented the so-called energy-saving glass. They are produced in large vacuum chambers, where the glass surface is applied multi-layer coating by magnetron (probably - magnetron - VV ), sputtering. To achieve the best optical, infrared and microwave characteristics are used coatings consisting of alternating films of various metals and their oxides thickness of approximately 100 A. Abroad, established powerful industry of manufacture of such glasses in Russia, mass production, usually based on the export (probably - Import - VV ), equipment.

However, folding of the canopy all aircraft made not of glass, polymer, and, moreover, its surface has double curvature. Polymer base canopy pilots periodically subjected to strain. For materials scientists involved in the process of spraying, the technological challenge of essentially reduced to the deposition of thin hard coating thickness in fractions of micrometers ... a soccer ball with the requirement of durability of this thin coverage. We all know that during the game thin film on the surface of the ball covered with countless number of cracks. Nevertheless, this problem could be solved by magnetron sputtering in a vacuum metal to produce metallic island films. These films are alternated with polymer layers caused by Plasma-chemical method. The quality of multilayer coatings can be significantly improved if they are understood and predicted by the end of many plasma- reactions occurring during the deposition of polymer films in low-temperature plasma discharge.

It is well known that by changing the discharge regime and composition of hydrocarbon and fluorinated gases, which burn level, we can obtain a wide range of properties of the deposited film - from the polycrystalline diamond to the polymer. And although we do not have complete fundamental knowledge in this field, developed a stable plasma-chemical technologies, implemented in a large vacuum chamber with a volume of 22 m ³ with a pressure of 4 x 10 ^-5 mmHg The camera is equipped with a computer-controlled robot, which moves the magnetron, and computer-controlled gas inlet system and discharge control. In this chamber, and coated on a variety of optically transparent airplane parts.

To reduce the ESR aircraft under the supervision of its rear hemisphere is first necessary to reduce the ESR cavity of the engine exhaust nozzle. In addition to special affirmative action, which must be provided for the establishment of new engines, effective application of radar absorbing coatings found on the elements exhaust nozzle. The only material capable of withstanding both the temperature (1200 ° C) and mechanical stress typical for this part engine, is ceramics. Developed multi-layer ceramic coating is deposited on the weekend engine components by applying melted microparticles dielectric and metal or semiconductor plasma arc discharge burning at atmospheric pressure. The main difficulty that had to be overcome - the creation of high adhesion between the relatively thick layers of metal-ceramic and metal surface. As is known, ceramics and metal core aircraft structure have significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion. In addition, the temperature at which the coating must maintain radiophysical their properties vary over a very wide range - from 600 to 1200 ° C. Thus, it was necessary to develop materials, dielectric and magnetic permeability which should not be changed in a wide temperature range. This problem is partially solved: motors with radio absorbing ceramic coatings are on board the aircraft and tested in various flight regimes.

The fundamental problem is to reduce reflection from the nose fairing aircraft. Due to the fact that under the dome is a system of radar, but because it is often the system of units with equipment, providing the antenna, contribution to the antenna unit in the ER aircraft can greatly exceed the contribution of all other elements of its design. In that case, if the mirror antenna is directed orthogonally to the line locator, the EPR may reach several tens or more square feet. This means that all the other tricks that were invented to reduce the radar visibility of the aircraft, become meaningless. However, if you turn the mirror of the antenna, pointing it, for example, up can significantly alter the EPR along the axial direction.

This - a trivial and well-known solution, and it is widely used. But in some cases, this procedure is not effective enough.

proposed several solutions to this problem. We consider only those associated with the use of controlled screens, the more so because such screens can be used on new aircraft and the modernization of existing ones. Let's start with the version that appears most straightforward in terms of technical solutions.

deposited on the inner surface of the fairing radiotransparent semiconductor film, arranged so that under the action of the optical or ultraviolet radiation, it can change the conductivity by many orders of magnitude. Then, putting under the fairing of the sources of optical radiation (Fig. 5 a), we might, depending on our desire to translate the surface of the fairing of the state, fully transparent to microwaves, fully reflecting the state, if the impact of radiation sources that are above the dome, the conductivity reaches high values. Metallized fairing will reflect the incident electromagnetic wave at him, and his ESR for observation angles other than from orthogonal to the axis of the aircraft will be low. Naturally, at that time own radar aircraft can not work.

Fig. 5. circuit the reflection of electromagnetic waves from the fairing with the semiconductor driven shield (a), the change in resistance of semiconductor films depending on the light (b) scheme and the reflection of electromagnetic waves from the dome with controlled screen (a) On the chart: the dark rectangle corresponds to the conductivity of the films, ensuring the transparency of the screen, a gray box - the level of conductivity, providing surface metallization PLF-1 - the resistance of existing semiconductor films, 2 - the resistance of the hypothetical film, which will implement the idea of a semiconductor Managed screen

Generally speaking, the resistance of semiconductor doped films CdSn or CdS varies by many orders of magnitude at quite a reasonable level of illumination (curve 1 in Fig. 5, b). However, they are not suitable for the implementation of the above technical solutions. Necessary the film with other dynamic properties (curve 2 in Fig. 5, b), but as they do not yet very clear.

Another technical solution - installing front radar screen, on the surface of which there are so-called frequency-selective structures - a system of periodic openings of some form, configured in such a way that they are free to pass in both directions, an electromagnetic wave in a narrow band of natural frequencies of radar and fully отражают электромагнитные волны других частот. Вводя в эти специальным образом организованные отверстия, которые, по существу, представляют собой открытые резонаторы, управляющие полупроводниковые системы, можно при желании "закрыть" экран, сделав его непрозрачным для всех частот.

Проблеме частотно-селективных surfaces is an extensive literature from which we can draw conclusions about the peculiarities of their application. We have developed numerical methods for calculating the frequency-selective screens, possess the appropriate technology and produced a working model of managed screens. Depending on the specific design of the antenna can be used as a frequency-selective screen and plasma. It is mounted inside the fairing the same way as the frequency-selective screen, but it принцип действия несколько другой. При отсутствии сигнала управления, который может подаваться пилотом самолета или его станцией обнаружения внешнего exposure, the screen turned off and transparent at all frequencies. When the signal goes to the screen voltage is applied, it ignited the low-temperature collisional plasma, as a result of the radiation is partially reflected from the screen in the directions shown in Figure 5, and is partially absorbed in the screen. The screen is effective для электромагнитного излучения всех частот, меньше плазменной. Значение плазменной частоты в таких системах может быть очень большим. Многолетние исследования processes occurring in low-temperature plasma, allowed to find optimal parameters for gas composition, plasma generators, and optimize high-speed system of plasma generation needed to respond to rapidly changing external environment. Flight tests demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed decisions aimed at reducing the radar visibility of the antenna cover.

control so many radio physical and electrical parameters individual layers that make up the coating, and the optimization results of individual fragments of the aircraft is carried out in the radio-physical experiments. To study the macroscopic parameters of the substances, the behavior of frequency dispersion of dielectrics, ferromagnetic materials, fine particles, made from ferromagnetic alloys, semi-thin island films used laboratory equipment, which must satisfy all the requirements of the modern physical laboratories in the electrodynamics of continuous media. In addition, special Materials Research and Chemical Equipment designed to study the properties of the composites.

Fragments of the aircraft covered with radar absorbing and dispersing coatings investigated in the so-called anechoic chambers. In these simulated conditions, realized in the space of the real situation, when which an object falls flat electromagnetic wave, and no reflections from the underlying surface. Creating anechoic chamber with a low noise requires skilful work skills which Russian scientists speak in such a degree that exporters of these cameras in industrialized countries. After as the main fragments of the aircraft will be tested in an anechoic chamber, introduced the amendment process, if necessary, and shall complete technological cycle of work on the aircraft. In the process it is the continuous monitoring of Radio.

All of the above technological developments implemented in our country, and in advanced foreign countries. Demonstrate the global trend of radar visibility of supersonic maneuverable aircraft (Fig. 6). If in the 1980's aircraft such as F-15 had ESR greater than 10 m 2 then modernized aviation system EPR is 1-1.5 m ² , and a promising fifth-generation aircraft systems, such as the F-22, JSF, - 0.3 m ² . Still lower value of the EPR in a modernized national MiG-21.

Fig. 6. Trends in radar visibility of supersonic aircraft

Interventions to reduce the visibility of the aircraft to be agreed with the opportunities and requirements of electronic countermeasures. Reducing visibility, of course, reduces the power consumption of electronic countermeasures, but more importantly, the use of subtle means of electronic countermeasures aircraft provides a significant advantage in the air.

In foreign literature You can find estimates of the probability of loss of aircraft depending on the EPR (Fig. 7). Decrease in ESR to 10-15 m ² - values typical of the heavy fighters of the fourth generation of up to 0.3 m ² can fundamentally reduce the losses of aircraft in combat. This effect is enhanced if simultaneously with the aircraft, having a low ESR, apply modern means of electronic countermeasures (Fig. 8).

	Fig. 7. loss of the aircraft in overcoming the defense, depending on their effective surface scattering
Fig. 8. Effect of joint use of radar counteract and reduce radar visibility for the loss of aircraft

should be remembered that at the first stage of construction new aircraft, you must decide whether we are prepared to put as the problem number 1 is possible to obtain a small value of ESR at the expense of many other properties of the aircraft or shall we endeavor to keep up the good aerodynamics in achieving a low level of its radar visibility. Examples of the first approach - This aircraft the F-117 and B-2, whose shape is optimized to achieve low ESR at the expense of their aerodynamic properties, examples of the second approach - it's a plane F-22 JSF and several others.

Obviously, when you create a new aircraft with low ESR are required design-technological measures to optimize form of an airplane: To ensure a smooth transition between the elements of the airframe, the exclusion of external load of weapons - carry weapons inside the fuselage. In turn, This requires longitudinal stiffness fuselage input into the construction of additional hydro units, security start-up and discharge of weapons, and even change targeting algorithm.

One of the technological methods that reduce the visibility of the aircraft - the use of large panels of complex forms as elements of fuselage (Fig. 9). Having established such a panel can significantly reduce the number of joints of casings on the surface of the aircraft and the number of riveted and bolted joints, which are elements reflected in the forward hemisphere at various angles.

Technology processes of manufacture and assembly of the aircraft must provide the minimum clearances between the elements and units, located on the outer surface: doors, hatch covers, etc. A complex technological challenge is to create besperepletnogo cockpit canopy to exclude connective Arc, degrades the characteristics of the visibility plane.

After performing all the activities aimed at reducing the radar visibility is required optimization of complex avionics. Unmasking symptoms caused by his work, become significant at background of low radar visibility plane. Minimization of operating time on-board equipment in raioelektronnogo radar radiation, the use of bistatic radar mode. Wanted covert methods of communication for aircraft that are in the group. Two aircraft are in pairs, and one of them emits a signal, while the second operates in passive mode and can not be detected by the locator of the enemy. Using computational capabilities of the onboard equipment, maps and a variety of other methods allows radio silence to determine the position of the aircraft and combat missions.

is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of all the activities. Naturally, the most objective criterion of efficiency would participate in a real conflict, which, fortunately, in recent years trying to avoid most of the countries. But the process of test aircraft from the point of research on their radar visibility is required and has a number of specific features. Detection probability is proportional EPR is a statistical measure and depends on many factors, including weather conditions and, naturally, the plane off course with respect to radar.

flight tests precede the ground, when conducted surveillance aircraft from various angles. Ground measurement complex (Fig. 10) allows you to get pie charts of the EPR in a wide range of wavelengths. Measurements can be performed with the engine running, which is important to determine the EPR in the rear hemisphere. There is also an opportunity to assess the contribution of individual elements in the ER aircraft. Then, the EPR plane measured in terms flight with simultaneous evaluation of the detection range. For a set of statistics to a large number of experiments on the ground and in flight. In particular, during works to reduce the radar visibility of the fourth generation aircraft such as Su-27 for a set of statistics, it took more than 100 hours of continuous operation radar stations on the ground and stand over 30 hours - in flight. In some cases, comparisons were paired flights, in which участвовали малозаметный и обычный самолеты.

Рис. 10. Самолет на поворотной платформе наземного измерительного комплекса

Подводя up, we can say that as a result of research and solve a number of fundamental and applied problems stele technology: created computational and experimental methods and complex technologies to reduce the visibility, refined and tested fourth-generation aircraft such as Su-27, proposed radio-absorbing materials that are not inferior in its characteristics best foreign specimens. We believe that this area requires further development to strengthen the country's defense. Stealth technology can be used in aircraft modernization, standing on the arms, and creating advanced aircraft systems.